// Extending the Binary Search Tree examples
// to parallelism, using a divide-and-conquer paradigm.

using System;
using System.Collections;

// exceptions used in either Tree or Node
class TreeException: System.Exception {
   public TreeException(string msg): base(msg) { }
}

public class Node<T>   // generic over type of value in each node
                     where T:IComparable  // T implements a CompareTo method
{
     // Private member-variables
     private T data;
     private Node<T> left;
     private Node<T> right;

     // delegates used in this class
     public delegate T TreeMapperDelegate(T t);

     // constructors
     public Node() { this.Left = null; this.Right = null; }
     public Node(T x) { this.data = x; this.Left = null; this.Right = null; }
     public Node(T x, Node<T> left, Node<T> right) { this.data = x; this.Left = left; this.Right = right; }

     // properties accessing fields
     public T Value {
         get { return data;  }
         set { data = value; }
     }

     public Node<T> Left {
         get { return this.left;  }
         set { this.left = value; }
     }
    
     public Node<T> Right {
         get { return this.right;  }
         set { this.right = value; }

     }

     // operations on Nodes
     public void Insert (T x) {
       if (this.Value.CompareTo(x) < 0) {
	 if (this.Right == null) {
	   this.Right = new Node<T>(x);
	 } else {
	   this.Right.Insert(x);
	 }
       } else {
	 if (this.Left == null) {
	   this.Left = new Node<T>(x);
	 } else {
	   this.Left.Insert(x);
	 }
       }
     }

     public bool Find (T x) {
       if (this.Value.CompareTo(x) == 0) {
	 return true;
       } else if (this.Value.CompareTo(x) < 0) {
	 if (this.Right == null) {
	   return false;
	 } else {
	   return this.Right.Find(x);
	 }
       } else {
	 if (this.Left == null) {
	   return false;
	 } else {
	   return this.Left.Find(x);
	 }
       }
     }

   // higher-order functions over trees
   public void MapTree(TreeMapperDelegate f) {
     this.Value = f(this.Value);
     if (this.Left == null)  { } else { this.Left.MapTree(f); } 
     if (this.Right == null) { } else { this.Right.MapTree(f); }
     return;
   }

   // parallel version of the same higher-order function
   public void ParMapTree(TreeMapperDelegate f) {
     int i = 0;
     Task[] tasks = new Task[3];
     var t1, t2, t3;
     t1 = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => this.Value = f(tree.Value));
     tasks[i++] = t1;
     if (this.Left != null) { 
       t2 = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => this.Left.ParMapTree(f));
       tasks[i++] = t2;
     }
     if (this.Right != null) { 
       t3 = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => this.Right.ParMapTree(f));
       tasks[i++] = t3;
     }
     Task.WaitAll(tasks);
   }

   public override string ToString() {
     return this.ToStringIndent(0);
   }

   public string ToStringIndent(int n) {
     string str = "";
     for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) { str += " "; }
     return str + this.data.ToString() + "\n" + 
       ((this.Left == null) ? str+" ."+"\n" : this.Left.ToStringIndent(n+1)) + 
       ((this.Right == null) ? str+" ."+"\n" : this.Right.ToStringIndent(n+1)) ;
   }
}

public class Tree<T> where T:IComparable
{
   private Node<T> root = null;

   public Tree() {
      root = null;
   }

   public virtual void Clear() {
      root = null;
   }

   public Node<T> Root {
     get { return root;  }
     set { root = value; }
   }

   public void Insert(T x) {
     if (this.Root == null) {
       this.Root = new Node<T>(x);
     } else {
       this.Root.Insert(x);
     }
   }

   public bool Find (T x) {
     if (this.Root == null) {
       return false;
     } else {
       return this.Root.Find(x);
     }
   }

   // ToDo: implement the following method, which should be a class invariant
   // public bool WellFormedTree ( ) { ... }

   public override string ToString() {
     if (this.Root == null) {
       return "<empty>";
     } else {
       return this.Root.ToStringIndent(0);
     }
   }

   public void print (Fixity how) {
     IEnumerator iter;
     string str;
     switch (how) {
     case Fixity.Prefix: 
       iter = new PrefixEnumerator(this);
       str = "PrefixEnumerator";
       break;
     case Fixity.Infix: 
       iter = new InfixEnumerator(this);
       str = "InfixEnumerator";
       break;
     case Fixity.Postfix:
       iter = new PostfixEnumerator(this);
       str = "PostfixEnumerator";
       break;
     default:
       iter = new InfixEnumerator(this);
       str = "InfixEnumerator";
       break;
     }

      System.Console.Write("Flatten tree using "+str+" : ["); 
      if (iter.MoveNext()) {
	System.Console.Write("{0}", iter.Current);
      }
      while (iter.MoveNext()) {
	System.Console.Write(",{0}", iter.Current);
      }
      System.Console.WriteLine("]");

      /*
      System.Console.Write("Flatten tree using "+str+": "); 
      foreach (int x in this) { 
	System.Console.Write(" {0}", x);
      }
      System.Console.WriteLine("");
      */
   }

  // -------------------------------------------------------
  // IEnumerator implementation 
  // This does a depth-first, pre-fix traversal of the tree
  // see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/78dfe2yb.aspx

   public enum Fixity { Prefix, Infix, Postfix };

   /*
     public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { 
     return (IEnumerator) new PrefixEnumerator(this);
     }
   */

  private class PrefixEnumerator : IEnumerator {
    private Node<T> curr_node;
    private Node<T> root; 
    private Stack stack;
    public  const string Name = "PrefixEnumerator";

    public PrefixEnumerator () {
      throw new TreeException("PrefixEnumerator: Missing argument to constructor");
    }

    public PrefixEnumerator (Tree<T> t) {
      this.curr_node = null;    // NB: needs to start with -1; 
      this.root = t.root;
      this.stack = new Stack();
    }

    // go up in the tree, and find the next node
    private bool Unwind() {
      if (stack.Count == 0) { // we are done
	curr_node = null;
	return false;
      } else {
	Node<T> parent = (Node<T>)this.stack.Pop();
	if (parent.Left == curr_node) { // I am a left child
	  if (parent.Right != null) {   // and there is a right sub-tree
	    stack.Push((object)parent);
	    curr_node = parent.Right;   // pick it as next
	  } else {
	    curr_node = parent;         // otw, go one step up and unwind further
	    return Unwind();
	  }
	} else if (parent.Right == curr_node) { // I am a right child
	  curr_node = parent;                   // otw, go one step up and unwind further
	  return Unwind();
	} else {
	  throw new TreeException(String.Format("Ill-formed spine during Unwind(): node {0} should be a parent of {1}", parent.ToString(),  curr_node.ToString()));
	}
	return true;
      }
    }
      
    public bool MoveNext( ) {
      // both sub-trees haven't been traversed, yet
      if (this.curr_node==null) {
	this.curr_node = this.root;
	return true;
      } else {
	if (curr_node.Left!=null) { 
	  stack.Push((object)curr_node);
	  this.curr_node = curr_node.Left;
	  return true;
	} else if (curr_node.Right!=null) { 
	  stack.Push((object)curr_node);
	  this.curr_node = curr_node.Right;
	  return true;
	} else { // I am a leaf
	  return (Unwind());
	 }
      }
    }

    public void Reset( ) {
      this.curr_node = null;
    }

    public object Current {
      get { return this.curr_node.Value ; } 
    }
  }
  // -------------------------------------------------------
  // IEnumerator implementation 
  // This does a depth-first, in-fix traversal of the tree
  // see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/78dfe2yb.aspx

  public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { 
    return (IEnumerator) new InfixEnumerator(this);
  }

  private class InfixEnumerator : IEnumerator {
    private Node<T> curr_node;
    private Node<T> root; 
    private Stack stack;
    public  const string Name = "InfixEnumerator";

    public InfixEnumerator () {
      throw new TreeException("InfixEnumerator: Missing argument to constructor");
    }

    public InfixEnumerator (Tree<T> t) {
      this.curr_node = null;    // NB: needs to start with -1; 
      this.root = t.root;
      this.stack = new Stack();
    }

    // go up in the tree, and find the next node
    private bool Unwind() {
      if (stack.Count == 0) { // we are done
	curr_node = null;
	return false;
      } else {
	Node<T> parent = (Node<T>)this.stack.Pop();
	if (parent.Left == curr_node) { // I am a left child
	  curr_node = parent;
	  return true;
	} else {
	    curr_node = parent;         // otw, go one step up and unwind further
	    return (Unwind());
	}
      }
    }
      
    // go down to left-most node in this tree
    private void LeftMost(Node<T> node) {
      if (node.Left!=null) { 
	stack.Push((object)node);
	LeftMost(node.Left);
      } else {
	stack.Push((object)node);
	return;
      }
    }

    private bool EnterTree(Node<T> node) {
      // need to traverse both sub-trees
      LeftMost(node);     // fills stack
      if (stack.Count == 0) {
	return false;
      } else {
	curr_node = (Node<T>) stack.Pop();
	return true;
      }
    }

    public bool MoveNext( ) {
      if (this.curr_node==null) {
	return (EnterTree(this.root));
      } else {
	// left sub-tree has been processed
	if (curr_node.Right!=null) { 
	  stack.Push((object)curr_node);
	  return (EnterTree(curr_node.Right));
	} else { // I am a leaf
	  return (Unwind());
	}
      }
    }

    public void Reset( ) {
      this.curr_node = null;
    }

    public object Current {
      get { return this.curr_node.Value ; } 
    }
  }

  private class PostfixEnumerator : IEnumerator {
    private Node<T> curr_node;
    private Node<T> root; 
    private Stack stack;
    public  const string Name = "PostfixEnumerator";

    public PostfixEnumerator () {
      throw new TreeException("PostfixEnumerator: Missing argument to constructor");
    }
    public PostfixEnumerator (Tree<T> t) {
      throw new TreeException("PostfixEnumerator: Not implemented");
    }

    public bool MoveNext( ) {
      throw new TreeException("PostfixEnumerator: Not implemented");
    }

    public void Reset( ) {
      throw new TreeException("PostfixEnumerator: Not implemented");
    }

    public object Current {
      get { throw new TreeException("PostfixEnumerator: Not implemented"); }

    }
  }
}

public class Tester {

  private static int inc (int i) { return i+1; }

  public static void Main(string[] args) {
    int i;
    Tree<int> t = new Tree<int>();

    if (args.Length < 1) {
       System.Console.WriteLine("Provide int values to add to the tree on the command line ...");
    } else {
      // build tree ...
      // ToDo: use exceptions to catch non-int values
      foreach (string s in args) {
	i = Convert.ToInt32(s); // int.Parse(s);
	System.Console.WriteLine("inserting {0} ...", i);
	t.Insert(i);
      }
      // test Find ...
      System.Console.WriteLine("Having added all arguments into the tree it looks like this:\n{0}", t.ToString());
      int[] xs = { 0, 5, 7, 9, 99 };
      foreach (int x in xs) { 
	System.Console.WriteLine("Finding value {0} in tree: {1}", x, t.Find(x));
      }
      // test Insert ... 
      int z = 5;
      System.Console.WriteLine("inserting {0} ...", z);
      t.Insert(5);
      System.Console.WriteLine("After inserting {0} the new tree looks like this:\n{1}", z, t.ToString());
      foreach (int x in xs) { 
	System.Console.WriteLine("Finding value {0} in tree: {1}", x, t.Find(x));
      }
      // test delegates ... 
      System.Console.WriteLine("Testing MapTree on above int tree, increasing each element by 1 ...");
      Node<int>.TreeMapperDelegate f = new Node<int>.TreeMapperDelegate(Tester.inc);
      t.Root.MapTree(f);
      System.Console.WriteLine("{0}", t.ToString());
      // same thing again, shorter
      System.Console.WriteLine("Again, testing MapTree on above int tree, increasing each element by 1 (using lambda expression)...");
      t.Root.MapTree(new Node<int>.TreeMapperDelegate((int j) => { return j+1 ; }));
      System.Console.WriteLine("{0}", t.ToString());
      // and yet again, now in parallel
      System.Console.WriteLine("Again, but now in parallel, increasing each element by 1 (using lambda expression)...");
      t.Root.ParMapTree(new Node<int>.TreeMapperDelegate((int j) => { return j+1 ; }));
      System.Console.WriteLine("{0}", t.ToString());

      // use different iterators to print the tree
      System.Array arrFix = System.Enum.GetValues (Tree<int>.Fixity.Infix.GetType());
      foreach (Tree<int>.Fixity fix in arrFix) {
	try {
	  t.print(fix); // eg.: t.print(Tree<int>.Fixity.Infix);
	} catch (TreeException e) {
	  System.Console.WriteLine("print failed, using a {0} traversal", fix.ToString());
	  System.Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
	}
      }
    }
  }
}